31 As in v. 27, the triple introduction undergirds the implausible promise—one Yahweh might not fulfill in the next few months but certainly will fulfill sooner rather than later. To solemnize a pledge is literally to “cut” it; Jer 34 will clarify the background to that expression. A pledge is then a solemn commitment that one party makes to another or that two parties make to each other (see the commentary on 11:1–17). Yahweh again makes explicit that he is talking about a relationship with Israel